Lindelöf space

In mathematics, a Lindelöf space is a topological space in which every open cover has a countable subcover. The Lindelöf property is a weakening of the more commonly used notion of compactness, which requires the existence of a finite subcover.

A strongly Lindelöf space is a topological space such that every open subset is Lindelöf. Such spaces are also known as hereditarily Lindelöf spaces, because all subspaces of such a space are Lindelöf.

Lindelöf spaces are named for the Finnish mathematician Ernst Leonard Lindelöf.

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Properties of Lindelöf spaces

In general, no implications hold (in either direction) between the Lindelöf property and other compactness properties, such as paracompactness. But by the Morita theorem, every regular Lindelöf space is paracompact. Also, any second-countable space is a Lindelöf space, but not conversely.

However, the matter is simpler for metric spaces. A metric space is Lindelöf if and only if it is separable, and if and only if it is second-countable.

An open subspace of a Lindelöf space is not necessarily Lindelöf. However, a closed subspace must be Lindelöf.

Lindelöf is preserved by continuous maps. However, it is not necessarily preserved by products, not even by finite products.

A Lindelöf space is compact if and only if it is countably compact.

Any σ-compact space is Lindelöf.

Properties of strongly Lindelöf spaces

Product of Lindelöf spaces

The product of Lindelöf spaces is not necessarily Lindelöf. The usual example of this is the Sorgenfrey plane \mathbb{S}, which is the product of the real line \mathbb{R} under the half-open interval topology with itself. Open sets in the Sorgenfrey plane are unions of half-open rectangles that include the south and west edges and omit the north and east edges, including the northwest, northeast, and southeast corners.

Consider the open covering of \mathbb{S} which consists of:

  1. The set of all points x, y with x < y
  2. The set of all points x, y with x %2B 1 > y
  3. For each real x, the half-open rectangle [x,\ x %2B 2)\ \times\ [-x,\ -x %2B 2)

The thing to notice here is that each rectangle [x,\ x %2B 2)\ \times\ [-x,\ -x %2B 2) covers exactly one of the points on the line x = -y. None of the points on this line is included in any of the other sets in the cover, so there is no proper subcover of this cover, which therefore contains no countable subcover. Another way to see that S is not Lindelöf is to note that the line x = -y defines a closed and uncountable discrete subspace of S. This subspace is not Lindelöf, and so the whole space cannot be Lindelöf as well (as closed subspaces of Lindelöf spaces are also Lindelöf).

The product of a Lindelöf space and a compact space is Lindelöf.

Generalisation

The following definition generalises the definitions of compact and Lindelöf: a topological space is \kappa-compact (or \kappa-Lindelöf), where \kappa is any cardinal, if every open cover has a subcover of cardinality strictly less than \kappa. Compact is then \aleph_0-compact and Lindelöf is then \aleph_1-compact.

The Lindelöf degree, or Lindelöf number l(X), is the smallest cardinal \kappa such that every open cover of the space X has a subcover of size at most \kappa. In this notation, X is Lindelöf iff l(X) = \aleph_0. The Lindelöf number as defined above does not distinguish between compact spaces and Lindelöf non compact spaces. Some authors gave the name Lindelöf number to a different notion: the smallest cardinal \kappa such that every open cover of the space X has a subcover of size strictly less than \kappa.[1] In this latter (and less used sense) the Lindelöf number is the smallest cardinal \kappa such that a topological space X is \kappa-compact. This notion is sometimes also called the compactness degree of the space X.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Mary Ellen Rudin, Lectures on set theoretic topology, Conference Board of the Mathematical Sciences, American Mathematical Society, 1975, p. 4, retrievable on Google Books [1]

References